In recent years, soil models have significantly advanced from the basic elastic perfectly plastic Mohr Coulomb soil models. The Mohr-Coulomb soil model was limited in that the stress-dependency of soil stiffness was not taken into account in addition to the yield cap being fixed in principal state.
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Now we have soil models that can model soil stiffness degradation with stress in addition to having a yield surface that expands or contracts due to plastic straining.
For strain-hardening soil models (such as the Hardening Soil model in PLAXIS), the yield surface expands to accommodate plastic straining while strain-softening soil models will have a contraction of the yield surface.
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At typical working loads, whether a user has adopted a strain-hardening or strain-softening soil model is often irrelevant since the soil has not reached the yield surface. For cases such as cavity expansion, however, the choice of the soil model has a significant impact on the resulting stresses and displacements since soil failure will have occurred. For clayey soils, a strain-hardening soil model will show a permanent increase in mean effective stress in the soil adjacent to the expanded cylindrical (or spherical) cavity. A strain-softening soil model, however, will show an increase in mean effective stress up to soil yielding and then exhibit a reduction in mean effective stress. After cavity expansion, a strain softening soil model can show a reduction or an increase in mean effective stress in the soil adjacent to the cavity.
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The most advanced soil models at present (e.g. the SCLAY-1S soil model) have improved on this further by taking into account the destructuration of clays due to large strains. These models consider the breakdown of inter-particle bonds due to large strains and the destructuration of the clay structure.